HangingBath

Ayres, Anne

2006-01-26T15:55:00.000-08:00

Ayres moved to the United States with her family in 1836 and settled in New York City. Until 1845 she supplemented the family income by teaching daughters of well-to-do families. In the summer of that year she heard William Augustus Muhlenberg, an Episcopal clergyman, preach

Taegu

2005-11-17T18:40:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Taiku, or Daegu, city and provincial capital, Kyongsang-puk do (province), southeastern South Korea. Taegu is Korea's third largest city and has the status of a special city, with administrative status equal to that of a province. It lies east of the confluence of the Naktong and the Kumho rivers and 55 miles (90 km) north-northwest of Pusan. The city lies in a valley rimmed by low mountains that reach

Duanehunt Law

2005-10-15T14:35:00.000-07:00

In atomic physics, the relationship between the voltage (V ) applied to an X-ray tube and the maximum frequency n of the X rays emitted from the target. It is named after the American physicists William Duane and Franklin Hunt. The relationship is expressed as n = Ve/h, in which e is the charge of the electron and h is Planck's constant. This law is sometimes called the inverse photoelectric

Kama-dhatu

2005-07-28T00:25:00.000-07:00

In Buddhism, the realm of feeling. See arupa-loka.

National Alliance

2005-07-26T18:00:00.000-07:00

The MSI was formed in 1946 by supporters of former Italian leader Benito Mussolini from elements of the defunct Uomo Qualunque (Average Man) Party that had appeared in 1945. It first contested elections in 1948, when it won six seats in the Chamber of Deputies. From the 1950s

Ibn Ezra, Abraham Ben Meir

2005-07-24T06:55:00.000-07:00

As a young man, he lived in Muslim Spain. Not much is known about his early life. He was on friendly terms with the eminent poet and philosopher Judah

Adams, William Taylor

2005-07-07T08:20:00.000-07:00

Although he never graduated from college, Adams was a teacher and principal in Boston elementary schools for more than 20 years. Under the pen name Oliver Optic, he wrote

Rainaldi, Carlo

2005-07-05T13:55:00.000-07:00

After his father's death Rainaldi evolved a monumental

Amalric I

2005-06-17T01:55:00.000-07:00

Amalric, the son of King Fulk of Jerusalem, had been count of Jaffa and Ascalon before succeeding his elder brother Baldwin III on the throne in 1163. He was forced first to annul his marriage to Agnes of Courtenay because she was his third

Fusel Oil

2005-06-13T20:40:00.000-07:00

A mixture of volatile, oily liquids produced in small amounts during alcoholic fermentation. A typical fusel oil contains 60–70 percent of amyl alcohol (q.v.), smaller amounts of n-propyl and isobutyl alcohols, and traces of other components. Before industrial production of synthetic amyl alcohols began in the 1920s, fusel oil was the only commercial source of these compounds,

Aschelminth, Locomotion

2005-06-02T15:55:00.000-07:00

Nematodes have a characteristic sinuous movement in which waves travel along the body, which generally lies on its side, backward waves driving the body forward, forward waves driving it backward. These waves are brought about by successive contractions of longitudinal body wall muscles, in dorsal and ventral blocks, acting out of phase. The muscles increase the

Aquifoliaceae

2005-05-31T10:45:00.000-07:00

The Aquifoliaceae differ from other

Mughal Architecture

2005-05-17T01:50:00.000-07:00

Building style that flourished in northern and central India under the patronage of the Mughal emperors from the mid-16th to the late 17th century. The Mughal period marked a striking revival of Islamic architecture in northern India. Under the patronage of the Mughal emperors, Persian, Indian, and various provincial styles were fused to produce works of unusual quality

Alcmaeon

2005-05-14T23:25:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Alcmeon Greek philosopher and physiologist of the academy at Croton (now Crotona, southern Italy), the first person recorded to have practiced dissection of human bodies for research purposes. He may also have been the first to attempt vivisection. Alcmaeon inferred that the brain was the centre of intelligence and that the soul was the source of life. Applying

Endo Shusaku

2005-03-15T02:34:00.000-08:00

Endo became a Roman Catholic at age 11 with the encouragement of his mother and an aunt. At Keio University he majored in French literature (B.A., 1949), a subject he studied from 1950 to 1953 at the University of Lyon in France. His first

Visalia

2005-03-14T14:01:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1853) of Tulare county, south-central California, U.S. It lies on the Kaweah River delta in the San Joaquin Valley, 42 miles (68 km) southeast of Fresno. Founded in 1852 by Nathaniel Vise, it developed as an agricultural (olives, grapes, cotton) and livestock-shipping centre, now supplemented by light manufacturing. It is the seat of the College of the Sequoias (1925). Sequoia and Kings Canyon

Medicine

2005-03-12T02:42:00.000-08:00

In many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries, people get their primary health care, or first-contact care, where available at all, from nonmedically qualified personnel; these cadres of medical auxiliaries are being trained in increasing numbers to meet overwhelming needs among rapidly growing populations. Even among the comparatively wealthy

Reforma, La

2005-03-07T05:53:00.000-08:00

La Reforma period began with the issuance in 1854 of the Plan de Ayutla, a liberal pronouncement calling for the removal of the dictator Antonio L�pez de Santa Anna. After Santa Anna's fall in 1855, Ju�rez and the liberals enacted the Ley Ju�rez,

Zephaniah, Book Of

2005-03-06T09:55:00.000-08:00

The dominant theme of the

Gaelic Revival

2005-03-05T05:39:00.000-08:00

Resurgence of interest in Irish language, literature, history, and folklore inspired by the growing Irish nationalism of the early 19th century. By that time Gaelic had died out as a spoken tongue except in isolated rural areas; English had become the official and literary language of Ireland. The discovery by philologists of how to read Old Irish (written prior to 900) and

Fainting

2005-03-04T04:27:00.000-08:00

In physiology, loss of consciousness owing to a temporary decrease in the blood supply to the brain. See syncope.

Peter Des Rivaux

2005-03-03T01:40:00.000-08:00

His father (or uncle), Peter des Roches (bishop of Winchester, 1205 - 38), became tutor to Henry upon the King's accession. Peter des Rivaux served as a king's clerk from 1218 to 1223 but was exiled

Iowa, Cultural life

2005-03-02T23:38:00.000-08:00

A widely dispersed population with small urban centres makes it difficult for Iowans to support many of the cultural amenities that exist in large urban settings. Traveling shows, including theatre and dance, symphonies, and guest artists visit many places in the state each year. The major cultural centres are the universities and colleges. The fine arts are notably

Philanthropic Foundation

2005-03-01T02:56:00.000-08:00

A nongovernmental, nonprofit organization, with assets provided by donors and managed by its own officials and with income expended for socially useful purposes. Foundation, endowment, and charitable trust are terms used interchangeably to designate these organizations, which can be traced far back in history. They existed in the ancient civilizations of the

Schally, Andrew V.

2005-02-28T01:12:00.000-08:00

In full �Andrew Victor Schally� Polish-born American endocrinologist and corecipient, with Roger Guillemin and Rosalyn Yalow, of the 1977 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. He was noted for isolating and synthesizing three hormones that are produced by the region of the brain known as the hypothalamus; these hormones control the activities of other

Kieslowski, Krzysztof

2005-02-27T14:26:00.000-08:00

Kieslowski graduated from the State Theatrical and Film College in L�dz, Poland, in 1968 and began his film career making documentaries, including one he had made for Polish television

Wang Meng

2005-02-26T16:10:00.000-08:00

Wang was a grandson of another famous Yuan dynasty painter, Zhao Mengfu, whose wife

Chancellor

2005-02-25T21:20:00.000-08:00

In western Europe, the title of holders of numerous offices of varying importance, mainly secretarial, legal, administrative, and ultimately political in nature. The Roman cancellarii, minor legal officials who stood by the cancellus, or bar, separating the tribune from the public, were later employed in the imperial scrinia (writing departments). After the fall of

Plutus

2005-02-24T20:13:00.000-08:00

In Greek religion, god of abundance or wealth, a personification of ploutos (Greek: �riches�). According to Hesiod, Plutus was born in Crete, the son of the goddess of fruitfulness, Demeter, and the Cretan Iasion. In art he appears chiefly as a child with a cornucopia. He was sometimes confused with Pluto (Hades), god of the underworld.

Wyoming

2005-02-23T16:20:00.000-08:00

The county was formed in 1842; its name was derived from a Delaware Indian word meaning

Guhyasamaja-tantra

2005-02-22T22:48:00.000-08:00

The Guhyasamaja

Gunasthana

2005-02-21T04:47:00.000-08:00

The initial stages of development are: (1) mithyatva

Peter, Hugh

2005-02-20T17:32:00.000-08:00

Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, he was ordained a priest in the Anglican Church in 1623. He went to London in 1626 and was appointed preacher at St. Sepulchre's, but his unorthodox views led to the suspension of his preaching license in 1627. He

Bayinnaung

2005-02-19T00:02:00.000-08:00

In 1550 a revolt broke out among the Mons of southern Myanmar, and Bayinnaung's brother-in-law, Tabinshwehti, was assassinated at Pegu in 1551 by a Mon prince. Bayinnaung

Lightning Rod

2005-02-18T16:19:00.000-08:00

Metallic rod (usually copper) that protects a structure from lightning damage by intercepting flashes and guiding their currents into the ground. Because lightning tends to strike the highest object in the vicinity, rods are typically placed at the apex of a structure and along its ridges; they are connected to the ground by low-impedance cables. In the case of a building,

Aretaeus Of Cappadocia

2005-02-17T22:39:00.000-08:00

Greek physician from Cappadocia who practiced in Rome and Alexandria, led a revival of Hippocrates' teachings, and is thought to have ranked second only to the father of medicine himself in the application of keen observation and ethics to the art. In principle he adhered to the pneumatic school of medicine, which believed that health was maintained by

Heiden, Eric

2005-02-16T07:41:00.000-08:00

Heiden started skating

Great Awakening

2005-02-15T23:41:00.000-08:00

Religious revival in the British American colonies mainly between about 1720 and the '40s. It was a part of the religious ferment that swept western Europe in the latter part of the 17th century and early 18th century, referred to as Pietism and Quietism in continental Europe among Protestants and Roman Catholics and as Evangelicalism in England under the leadership of John

Kirkpatrick, Ralph

2005-02-14T06:00:00.000-08:00

Kirkpatrick studied piano from age six and began to play harpsichord in 1930. He graduated from Harvard University in 1931 and then went to Paris to continue his studies. His teachers included Wanda Landowska, the French conductor

Chad, Flag Of

2005-02-13T17:52:00.000-08:00

When French West Africa was under colonial rule, little was done to develop a sense of nationality; emphasis was on the culture and political and economic systems of France. The independence movement in Africa in the mid-20th century therefore found Chad, like most other territories, with few precedents for establishing its own symbols. When the Republic of Chad was

Russell

2005-02-12T18:42:00.000-08:00

Community, Northland local government region, northeastern North Island, New Zealand, on the southeastern shore of the Bay of Islands. Under its original name of Okiato, the town was chosen (1840) by Lieutenant Governor William Hobson to be the first capital of New Zealand. It was subsequently renamed in honour of Lord John Russell, then secretary of state for the colonies.

Shamanism, Dress

2005-02-11T05:56:00.000-08:00

He wears a ritual gown, which usually imitates an animal - a deer, a bird, a bear. Similarly, the headdress is a crown made of antlers or a band into which feathers of birds have been pierced. The footwear is also symbolic - iron deer hooves, birds' claws, or bears' paws. The clothing of the shamans among the Tofalar (Karagasy), Soyet, and Darhat are decorated with representations

Benivieni, Girolamo

2005-02-10T16:37:00.000-08:00

As a member of the Florentine Medici circle, Benivieni was well acquainted with the Renaissance

Cypress

2005-02-09T13:49:00.000-08:00

Any of about 20 species of ornamental and timber evergreen conifers constituting the genus Cupressus of the family Cupressaceae, distributed throughout warm-temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Many resinous, aromatic evergreen trees called cypress belong to other genera of the same family, especially

Aum Shinrikyo

2005-02-08T19:07:00.000-08:00

A useful introduction to the sect can be found in Ian Reader, A Poisonous Cocktail?: Aum Shinrikyo's Path to Violence (1996).

Aselli, Gaspare

2005-02-07T03:57:00.000-08:00

Aselli became professor of anatomy and surgery at the University of Pavia and practiced at Milan. His discovery of the lacteals (lymph vessels that take up the end products of fat digestion from the intestine) occurred

Lindsay, Vachel

2005-02-06T06:27:00.000-08:00

After three years at Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio, Lindsay left in 1900 to study art in Chicago and New York City. He supported himself in part by lecturing

Abydos

2005-02-05T23:26:00.000-08:00

Ancient Anatolian town located just northeast of the modern Turkish town of �anakkale on the east side of the Dardanelles (Hellespont). Probably originally a Thracian town, it was colonized about 670 BC by the Milesians. There Xerxes crossed the strait on his bridge of boats to invade Greece in 480 BC. Abydos is celebrated for its vigorous resistance to Philip V of Macedon (200 BC) and

China, Political history

2005-02-04T00:58:00.000-08:00

Ineptitude on the throne, bureaucratic factionalism at court, rivalries among Mongol generals, and ineffective supervision and coordination of provincial and local administration had gravely weakened the Y�an government by the 1340s. And in 1351 disastrous flooding of the Huang and Huai river basins aroused hundreds of thousands of long-oppressed Chinese peasants

Hystero-epilepsy

2005-02-03T22:23:00.000-08:00

Hysterical seizures that resemble epilepsy and, in diagnosis, must be distinguished from it. In hystero-epilepsy the reflexes and responses to stimulation in the part of the body affected are normal, and the electroencephalogram shows no significant abnormality in the brain waves. Usually the person affected can be roused by painful stimuli and is never completely

Roman

2005-02-02T22:18:00.000-08:00

City, Neamt judet (county), northeastern Romania, situated at the confluence of the Moldova and Siret rivers. It was founded by Roman Musat, ruling prince of Moldavia (1392 - 94); he referred to it as �our town of Roman� in a letter of 1392. It developed as a small trading settlement on the Siret valley route between Suceava, to the northwest, and the Danube ports. During the reign of Alexander (Alexandru)

Fock, Jeno

2005-01-31T14:46:00.000-08:00

Hungarian politician (b. May 17, 1916, Budapest, Austria-Hungary - d. May 23, 2001, Budapest, Hung.), was a moderate communist who tried to institute economic reforms while serving as Hungarian deputy prime minister (1961 - 67) and prime minister (1967 - 75). His efforts were blocked by the Soviet Union, however, and he was pushed out of office in 1975. Fock continued to criticize General Secretary Janos Kadar's hard-line

Hypoparathyroidism

2005-01-30T11:24:00.000-08:00

Inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone, usually caused by accidental surgical removal of large amounts of parathyroid tissue (during thyroid surgery) or, less frequently, by defective action of the parathyroid gland. This deficiency results in low calcium and high phosphorus levels in the blood, often causing tetany (increased nervous and muscular excitability,

Transplant

2005-01-29T01:27:00.000-08:00

Without a blood supply organs deteriorate rapidly. Cooling can slow down the process but cannot stop it. Organs differ in their susceptibility to damage. At body temperature, irreversible destruction of the brain occurs after more than three to five minutes; of the heart, liver, pancreas, and lung, after 10 to 30 minutes; of the kidney, after 50 to 100 minutes; and of the skin and cornea,

Hughes, Charles Evans

2005-01-28T04:46:00.000-08:00

A member of a major New York City

Zaibatsu

2005-01-27T05:33:00.000-08:00

(Japanese: �wealthy clique�), any of the large capitalist enterprises of Japan before World War II, similar to cartels or trusts but usually organized around a single family. One zaibatsu might operate companies in nearly all important areas of economic activity. The Mitsui combine, for example, owned or had large investments in companies engaged in banking, foreign

Davenport, Edward Loomis

2005-01-26T22:39:00.000-08:00

In spite of family opposition, Davenport went on the stage, making his debut in 1836 under the stage name Mr. E. Dee, playing Parson

Manx

2005-01-25T15:39:00.000-08:00

Breed of tailless domestic cat of unknown origin but presumed by tradition to have come from the Isle of Man. Noted for being affectionate, loyal, and courageous, the Manx is distinguished both by its taillessness and by its characteristic hopping gait. It is compactly built, with a rounded head; large, round eyes; and small, wide-set ears. The rump is also rounded and, because

Habeas Corpus

2005-01-24T13:47:00.000-08:00

An ancient common-law writ, issued by a court or judge directing one who holds another in his custody to produce the body of the person before the court for some specified purpose. Although there have been and are many varieties of the writ, the most important is that used to correct violations of personal liberty by directing judicial inquiry into the legality of

Douglass, Frederick

2005-01-23T23:52:00.000-08:00

Separated as an infant from his slave mother

Mondov�

2005-01-22T04:17:00.000-08:00

Founded in 1198 by refugees from the regional wars between the city-states and communes, it was independent until the 13th century, when it was subordinated to the Angevins (French counts of Anjou). Regaining its freedom in 1290, it fell to Anjou again

Cone

2005-01-20T15:04:00.000-08:00

In neurology, light-sensitive neuron with a conical projection in the retina of the vertebrate eye, associated with colour vision and perception of fine detail. Shorter and far fewer than the eye's rods (light-sensitive cells), cones are less sensitive to low illumination levels and are mediators of photopic rather than scotopic (Greek skotos, �dark�) vision. Cones are

Bulgaria

2005-01-19T01:44:00.000-08:00

Officially �Republic of Bulgaria, �Bulgarian �Republika Bulgariya, � country occupying 42,855 square miles (110,994 square kilometres) of the eastern portion of the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe. It is bounded by Romania on the north, most of the border being marked by the lower Danube River. The Black Sea lies to the east, Turkey and Greece to the south, Macedonia to the southwest, and the Yugoslav republic of Serbia to the west. The capital

Marduk

2005-01-18T11:58:00.000-08:00

In Mesopotamian religion, the chief god of the city of Babylon and the national god of Babylonia; as such he was eventually called simply Bel, or Lord. Originally he seems to have been a god of thunderstorms. A poem, known as Enuma elish and dating from the reign of Nebuchadrezzar I (1124 - 03 BC), relates Marduk's rise to such preeminence that he was the god of 50 names, each one that of a deity

Abel, Niels Henrik

2005-01-17T03:53:00.000-08:00

Abel's father was a poor Lutheran minister who moved his family to the parish of Gjerstad, near the town of Ris�r in southeast Norway, soon after Niels Henrik was born. In 1815 Niels entered the cathedral school

World War I, Killed, wounded, and missing

2005-01-16T10:03:00.001-08:00

The casualties suffered by the participants in World War I dwarfed those of previous wars: some 8,500,000 soldiers died as a result of wounds and/or disease. The greatest number of casualties and wounds were inflicted by artillery, followed by small arms, and then by poison gas. The bayonet, which was relied on by the prewar French Army as the decisive weapon, actually produced

World War I, Killed, wounded, and missing

2005-01-16T10:03:00.000-08:00

Philanthropinum

2005-01-15T03:41:00.000-08:00

Late 18th-century school (1774 - 93) founded in Dessau, Germany, by the educator Johann Bernhard Basedow to implement the educational ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Aiming to foster in its students a humanitarian worldview and awareness of the community of interest among all people, it taught rich and poor boys together regardless of religious or class distinctions. The school

France, History Of, Political and social changes

2005-01-14T13:51:00.000-08:00

The structure of the Fourth Republic seemed remarkably like that of the Third; in actual operation it seemed even more familiar. The lower house of parliament (now renamed the National Assembly) was once more the locus of power; shaky coalition Cabinets again succeeded one another at brief intervals, and the lack of a clear-cut majority in the country or in parliament

Ramat Gan

2005-01-13T08:59:00.000-08:00

City, west-central Israel, on the Plain of Sharon just east of Tel Aviv - Yafo. Founded in 1921, it is the largest satellite city in the Tel Aviv - Yafo metropolitan area, with fine residential quarters, extensive parks and gardens, including a national park, and the nation's principal athletic stadium, seating 50,000 persons. It is also the home of Bar-Ilan University, a religiously oriented

Puerto Lempira

2005-01-12T00:38:00.000-08:00

Town, northeastern Honduras. The town lies on an islet that forms part of T�nsin Island, facing the main passage into the Caratasca Lagoon. Fishing is the major economic activity of the area, and the town has a shrimp-packing plant. The shallow, swampy nature of the lagoon and the dense jungle vegetation of the hinterland have precluded the development of a port. An airfield

Asia, Petroleum and natural gas

2005-01-11T08:45:00.000-08:00

At least two-thirds of the world's known crude oil and natural gas reserves are found in Asia; the proportion may prove higher as Siberia, the Caspian basin, and the seas of southeastern Asia are further explored. Many of the island chains bordering eastern Asia have geologic formations favouring petroleum accumulation, and oil fields - both on land and offshore - are

Targum

2005-01-10T18:36:00.000-08:00

The earliest Targums date from the time after the Babylonian Exile when Aramaic had

Defamation

2005-01-09T14:17:00.000-08:00

Although defamation is a creation of English law, similar doctrines existed several thousand years ago. In Roman law abusive chants were

Yangtze River

2005-01-08T21:12:00.000-08:00

Chinese (Wade-Giles) �Ch'ang Chiang, �or �(Pinyin) �Chang Jiang, � longest river in both China and Asia and the third longest river in the world, with a length of 3,915 miles (6,300 kilometres). Its basin, extending for some 2,000 miles from west to east and for more than 600 miles from north to south, drains an area of 698,265 square miles (1,808,500 square kilometres). From its source on the Plateau of Tibet to its mouth on the East China Sea, the river traverses or serves as the border

Shensi

2005-01-07T09:28:00.000-08:00

Chinese (Wade-Giles) �Shen-hsi, �(Pinyin) �Shaanxi, � sheng (province) of China. It is bordered by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the north, by the Huang Ho (Yellow River) and Shansi Province in the east, by Szechwan Province in the south, by Hupeh and Honan provinces in the southeast, and by the Hui Autonomous Region of Ningsia and Kansu Province on the west. Its total area is 79,400 square miles (205,600 square kilometres). The capital

Hen-and-chickens

2005-01-06T20:21:00.000-08:00

Also called �Hen-and-chicks, � any of a number of succulent plants of the genera Echeveria (q.v.) and Sempervivum, the latter commonly known as houseleek (q.v.).

Schaumburg-lippe

2005-01-05T06:03:00.000-08:00

Schaumburg, or Schauenburg, northeast of Rinteln, was the ancestral seat of a line of counts recorded from the early 12th century. Lutheran from 1559, this

Alexis, Willibald

2005-01-04T02:40:00.000-08:00

Alexis grew up in Berlin. After service as a volunteer in the campaign of 1815, he studied law at Berlin and Breslau but abandoned his legal career for writing after the success of his literary hoax Walladmor (1824), a parody

Alexis, Willibald

2005-01-03T08:51:00.000-08:00

French �Agence Spatiale Europ�enne (ASE)� western European space and space-technology research organization founded in 1975 from the merger of the European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO) and the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO), both established in 1964. Members include Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

Coolidge, Grace

2005-01-02T01:46:00.000-08:00

Eventually she built her own house, which she lent to navy personnel during World War II. She died of heart disease in 1957 and was buried beside her husband and son at the Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth, Vermont. Like other presidents' wives, she lamented that she had to subjugate her private self to her public role: �This was I and yet not I - this was the wife of the President of the United States and she took precedence over me.� In the process, however, Grace Coolidge joined that small group of first ladies who are rated as more successful at their jobs than their husbands were at their presidencies.

Mitchell River

2005-01-01T07:04:00.000-08:00

River in northern Queensland, Australia. It rises near Rumula on the Atherton Plateau section of the Eastern Highlands, 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Cairns, and flows for 350 miles (560 km) northwest across Cape York Peninsula to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Although the stream, fed by the Palmer, Walsh, and Lynd rivers, has the state's largest discharge, it is intermittent and may be dry for

Greek Religion, The Classical period

2004-12-31T04:27:00.000-08:00

The Sophists, with their relentless probing of accepted values, continued the process. Little is known of the general

Killanin (of Galway), Michael Morris, 3rd Baron

2004-12-30T21:27:00.000-08:00

British-born Irish journalist, film producer, author, and sports administrator (b. July 30, 1914, London, Eng. - d. April 25, 1999, Dublin, Ire.), served as president (1972 - 80) of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) during a turbulent period marked by boycotts and international disputes. He inherited the title of Baron Killanin when his uncle died in 1927, and he attended the Sorbonne (1932) in Paris and Magdalene

Mercantilism

2004-12-29T06:01:00.000-08:00

Economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Its 17th-century publicists - most notably Thomas Mun in England, Jean-Baptiste Colbert in

Harai

2004-12-28T01:37:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Harae, Barai, or Barae, � in Japanese religion, any of numerous Shinto purification ceremonies. Harai rites, and similar misogi exercises using water, cleanse the individual so that he may approach a deity or sacred power (kami). Salt, water, and fire are the principal purificatory agents. Many of the rites, such as bathing in cold water, are traditionally explained as the method used by Izanagi

Amsterdam

2004-12-27T16:28:00.000-08:00

To the scores of tourists who visit each year, Amsterdam is known for its historical attractions, for its collections of great art, and for the distinctive colour and flavour of its old

Religion, Seventh-day Adventist Church.

2004-12-26T05:17:00.000-08:00

Celebrating 100 years of Adventism in southern Asia, the Annual Council of the world church met in Bangalore, India, in 1993. The church at first grew very slowly there, but in recent years India had become a fruitful field for growth, and membership in 1993 approached 200,000. The church in India was also moving toward financial strength; the centenary year saw the first conference, Mizoram,

Quadrille

2004-12-25T15:45:00.000-08:00

Fashionable late 18th- and 19th-century dance for four couples in square formation. Imported by English aristocrats in 1815 from elite Parisian ballrooms, it consisted of four, or sometimes five, contredanses; like the contredanse (q.v.), the quadrille depended more on the cooperative execution of intertwining figures, or floor patterns, than on intricate stepwork. Each of the

Carian Language

2004-12-24T00:30:00.000-08:00

Ancient language spoken in the southernmost area of western Anatolia. The language is known primarily from the more than 100 Carian graffiti that were left by Carian mercenaries who served in Egypt. Clay tablets and monumental inscriptions in the language have also been found in Caria since World War II. Carian appears to be written in an alphabetic script. Not enough

Furniture, France

2004-12-23T13:05:00.000-08:00

In France the Italian influence of the 16th century was gradually assimilated, and a national style of furniture was evolved that soon spread its influence into neighbouring countries. The reign of Louis XIII, covering most of the first half of the 17th century, was a time of transition. The Gobelins factory was founded by Louis XIV for the production of deluxe furniture

Aerospace Industry, General works

2004-12-22T23:54:00.000-08:00

Roger E. Bilstein, Flight in America: From the Wrights to the Astronauts, rev. ed. (1994), is a general treatise on the development of aviation and spaceflight for the layperson, and his The American Aerospace Industry: From Workshop to Global Enterprise (1996) provides an account of the development of the American aerospace industry. The best source for historical aerospace data is Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith, The Aeroplane: An Historical Survey of Its Origins and Development (1960). An excellent source on the development of the American aircraft industry to the 1940s is Grover Loening, Takeoff Into Greatness (1968). Charles D. Bright, The Jet Makers: The Aerospace Industry from 1945 to 1972 (1978), details the aerospace industry in the United States after World War II. T.A. Heppenheimer, Turbulent Skies: The History of Commercial Aviation (1995), traces the ascent of the airline business from the biplane era to modern jetliners, and Countdown: A History of Space Flight (1997) includes excellent coverage on the development of the space industry. Bill Gunston, World Encyclopedia of Aircraft Manufacturers (1993), provides a brief listing of the world's aircraft manufacturers from the pioneers to the early 1990s. Daniel Todd and Jamie Simpson, The World Aircraft Industry (1986), discusses the state of the aerospace industry by country and technology and provides statistical data in the appendix.

Menken, Adah Isaacs

2004-12-21T01:07:00.000-08:00

The facts concerning Menken's early life are obscured by later and confused publicity stories. On various occasions she claimed various original names, birthplaces, and histories. It seems likely that her

Dance Fly

2004-12-20T23:59:00.000-08:00

Courtship involves the presentation of a dead fly to the female by the male. Mating does not take place until the

Jena Glass

2004-12-19T10:14:00.000-08:00

Jena glass was first produced by the German glass chemist Friedrich Otto Schott, who, with Ernst Abbe and Carl Zeiss, founded a glassworks in Jena, Ger., in 1884. The early Jena

Kabul

2004-12-18T07:19:00.000-08:00

Persian �Kabol � capital and largest city of Afghanistan. It lies along the Kabul River at an elevation of about 5,900 feet (1,800 metres) in the east-central part of the country. The nation's cultural and economic centre, the city lies in a triangular valley between the two steep Asmai and Sherdawaza mountain ranges. Roads connect it with most other areas of Afghanistan, with Uzbekistan to the north,

Cincinnati Arch

2004-12-17T18:47:00.000-08:00

Geologic anticlinal (archlike) structure influential during the Paleozoic Era (540 to 245 million years ago); it existed as a persistent low-lying land area flanked by seas covering a large part of the continent while connected with the ocean. The axis of the Cincinnati Arch extends southward from Ohio to Tennessee. Separated by a structural saddle, its southward extension

Gongola River

2004-12-16T10:50:00.000-08:00

Principal tributary of the Benue River, northeastern Nigeria. It rises in several branches (including the Lere and Maijuju rivers) on the eastern slopes of the Jos Plateau and cascades (with several scenic waterfalls) onto the plains of the Gongola Basin, where it follows a northeasterly course. It then flows past Nafada and takes an abrupt turn toward the south. Its

Abutilon

2004-12-15T07:20:00.000-08:00

A. hybridum, sometimes called Chinese lantern, is planted outdoors in warm regions and

Huckleberry

2004-12-14T21:04:00.000-08:00

Small, fruit-bearing, branching shrub of the genus Gaylussacia (family Ericaceae), resembling in habit the English bilberry (Vaccinium), to which it is closely allied. The huckleberry bears fleshy fruit with 10 nutlike seeds, differing in this respect from the blueberry. The common huckleberry of the northern United States is G. baccata, also called black, or high-bush, huckleberry.

HangingBath

Ayres, Anne

Taegu

Duanehunt Law

Kama-dhatu

National Alliance

Ibn Ezra, Abraham Ben Meir

Adams, William Taylor

Rainaldi, Carlo

Amalric I

Fusel Oil

Aschelminth, Locomotion

Aquifoliaceae

Mughal Architecture

Alcmaeon

Endo Shusaku

Visalia

Medicine

Reforma, La

Zephaniah, Book Of

Gaelic Revival

Fainting

Peter Des Rivaux

Iowa, Cultural life

Philanthropic Foundation

Schally, Andrew V.

Kieslowski, Krzysztof

Wang Meng

Chancellor

Plutus

Wyoming

Guhyasamaja-tantra

Gunasthana

Peter, Hugh

Bayinnaung

Lightning Rod

Aretaeus Of Cappadocia

Heiden, Eric

Great Awakening

Kirkpatrick, Ralph

Chad, Flag Of

Russell

Shamanism, Dress

Benivieni, Girolamo

Cypress

Aum Shinrikyo

Aselli, Gaspare

Lindsay, Vachel

Abydos

China, Political history

Hystero-epilepsy

Roman

Fock, Jeno

Hypoparathyroidism

Transplant

Hughes, Charles Evans

Zaibatsu

Davenport, Edward Loomis

Manx

Habeas Corpus

Douglass, Frederick

Mondov�

Cone

Bulgaria

Marduk

Abel, Niels Henrik

World War I, Killed, wounded, and missing

World War I, Killed, wounded, and missing

Philanthropinum

France, History Of, Political and social changes

Ramat Gan

Puerto Lempira

Asia, Petroleum and natural gas

Targum

Defamation

Yangtze River

Shensi

Hen-and-chickens

Schaumburg-lippe

Alexis, Willibald

Duanehunt Law